A brief Review on Q-absorption Ratio Method in UV-Spectrophotometry

 

Amitkumar J. Vyas, Brijesh H. Patel, Ashok B. Patel, Ajay I. Patel, Nilesh. K. Patel

B.K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Rajkot - 360003, Gujarat, India.

 

ABSTRACT:

This present work carries a brief review on Q-Absorption ratio method in UV-spectrophotometry. Absorption ratio method is used for the ratio of the absorption at two selected wavelengths one of which is iso-absorptive point and other being the λmax of one of the two components. The aim of this article is to give brief idea about various method developed using Q-Absorption ratio methodon combined dosage forms. It shows selection of wavelength, linearity study and choosing solvent for give combine dosage form. This study also gives brief idea about practical and industrial application of Q-Absorption ratio method.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

The absorbance ratio method is modification of the simultaneous equations procedure. It depends on the property that, for a substance which obeys Beer’s Law at all wavelength, the ratio of absorbance at any two wavelengths is a constant value independent of concentration or pathlength. For example, two different dilutions of the same substance give the same absorbance ratio A1/A2, 2.0. In the USP, this ratio is referred to as a Q value. The British Pharmacopoeia also uses ratio of absorbance at specified wavelength in certain confirmatory tests of identity. For example, Cyanocobalamin exhibits three λmax, at 278nm, 361nm and 550nm. The A_361/A₅₅₀ is required to be 3.30±0.15 and the A₃₆₁/A₂₇₈ to be 1.79±0.09.

 

Fig: Absorption spectra of two different concentration of a substance.

 

In the quantitative assay of two components in admixture by the absorbance ratio method, absorbances are measured at two wavelengths one being the λmax of one of the components (λ2) and other being a wavelength of equal absorptivity of the two components (λ1), i.e., an iso-absorptive point. Two equations are constructed as described above for the method of simultaneous equations. Their treatment is somewhat different, however, and uses the relationship a_x=a_y1 at λ1. Assume b=1 cm.

 

Fig: Wavelength for the assay of substances X and Y in admixture by the method of absorbance ratio.

 

A1= ax1cx + ax1Cy

 

𝐴1      𝑎𝑥1𝑐𝑥+𝑎𝑦2𝑐𝑦

-----   ------------------- =

𝐴2      𝑎𝑥1𝑐𝑥+𝑎𝑥1𝑐𝑦

 

Divide each term by c_X+ c_Yand let F_X = c_X/(c_x + c_Y) and F_Y = c_Y/(c_X+ cY) i.e. FX and FY are the fractions of X and Y respectively in the mixture:

 

𝐴1      𝑎𝑋2𝐹𝑋 + 𝑎𝑌2𝐹𝑌

----    -----------------------

𝐴2      𝐴𝑋1𝐹𝑋 + 𝑎𝑋1𝐹𝑌

 

But F_Y = 1-F_X,

 

𝐴2       𝐹𝑋𝑎𝑋2 − 𝐹𝑋𝑎𝑌2 + 𝑎𝑌2

-----     ---------------------------- =

𝐴1        𝑎𝑋1

 

𝐴2      𝐹𝑋𝑎𝑋2 𝐹𝑋𝑎𝑌2 𝑎𝑌2

----     ------------------------ =− +

𝐴1      𝑎𝑋1 𝑎𝑌1 𝑎𝑌1

 

 

Let QX = aX2/aX1, QY = aY2/aY1 and QM = A2/A1

 

QM = FX(QX – QY) + QY

F_X = 𝑄𝑀−𝑄𝑌

𝑄𝑋−𝑄𝑌

 

Equation gives the fraction, rather than the concentration of X (and consequently of Y) in the mixture in terms of absorbance ratios, as these are independent of concentration, only approximate, rather than accurate, dilutions of X, Y and the sample mixture are required to determine Q_X, Q_Y and Q_M respectively.

 

If the absolute concentrations of X and Y required, rearrange eqation:

 

A1 = aX1(cX + cY)

 

cx + cY = A1/aX1

 

from eq.

 

𝑐𝑋 𝑄𝑀 − 𝑄𝑌

------------------- =

𝑓2𝑐𝑋 + 𝑐𝑌   𝑄𝑋 − 𝑄𝑌

𝑐𝑋                𝑄𝑀 − 𝑄𝑌

----           ----------------- =

𝐴1/𝑎𝑋1        𝑄𝑀 − 𝑄𝑌

 

           𝑄𝑀 − 𝑄𝑌𝐴1

𝑐𝑋 = --------------------

             𝑄𝑋 − 𝑄𝑌𝑎𝑋1

 

Above equation gives the concentration of X in terms of absorbance ratios, the absorbance of the mixture and the absorptivity of the compounds at the iso-absorptive wavelength. Accurate dilutions of the sample solution and of the standard solutions of X and Y are necessary for the accurate measurement of A₁ and a_X1 respectively.

This method has been used for the assay of various drug and its combinations:

Sr. No:	Compound	Wavelength		Linearity	Solvents	Ref
		λ1	λ2
1	Cinnarizine	267nm	252nm	2-20µg/ml	Methanol	[2]
	Dimenhydrinate
2	Mangiferin Berberin HCl	317nm	257nm	5-30µg/ml	Methanol	[3]
				10-60µg/ml
3	Atenolol	286.4nm	276 nm	20-100µg/ml	Methanol	[4]
	Ivabradine HCl			2-10µg/ml
4	Levocetrizine Pseudopherin	242nm	231nm	5-30µg/ml	Methanol	[5]
				120-960µg/ml
5	Prednisolone	282nm	302nm	1-10µg/ml	Phosphate buffer saline	[6]
	5-Amino Salicylic Acid
6	Gatifloxacin	267.2nm	243nm	2-24µg/ml	Methanol	[7]
	Sesquihydrate Prednisolone Acetate
7	PhenylepherineHCl	218nm	240nm	5-15µg/ml	Methanol	[8]
	Bromhexine HCl			4-12µg/ml
8	Lamivudine	246nm	272nm	5-30µg/ml	Phosphate buffer	[9]
	Isoniazid
9	Difluprednate Gatifloxacin	236nm	241nm	5-35µg/ml	Methanol	[10]
				10-70µg/ml
10	Sumatriptan	284nm	272nm	10-90µg/ml	Methanol	[11]
	Naproxen Sodium			20-190µg/ml
11	Metformin	250nm	225nm	5-17.5µg/ml	Methanol	[12]
	Empagliflozin
12	Metformin HCl	229nm	233nm	2-12µg/ml	Water	[13]
	Gliclizide
13	Verdenafil depoxetine HCl	270nm	292nm	1-5µg/ml	Methanol	[14]
				10-30µg/ml
14	Paracetamol diclofenac potassium	269.1nm	282nm	2-20µg/ml	Methanol	[15]
15	Paroxetin HCl Clonazepam	239.65nm	271.23nm	5-30µg/ml	Methanol	[16]
16	Clinidipine Metoprolol	231nm	224nm	2-10µg/ml	Methanol	[17]
	Succinate			10-50µg/ml
17	Anagliptin	238nm	233nm	2-12µg/ml	Distilled water	[18]
	Metformin HCl			5-30µg/ml
18	Aspirine	251.4nm	275.6nm	50-450µg/ml	Methanol	[19]
	Salicylic Acid			10-90 µg/ml
19	Atenolol	232.2nm	224nm	2-24 µg/ml	Methanol	[20]
	Amlodipine Bicylate			2-34 µg/ml
20	Diclofenac	298nm	288nm	4-20µg/ml	Methanol	[21]
	Sodium  Nimesulide			2-10µg/ml
21	Difluprednate Gatifloxacin	236nm	241nm	5-35µg/ml	Methanol	[22]
				10-70µg/ml
22	Gatifloxacin	267.2nm	243nm	2-24µg/ml	Methanol	[23]
	Sesquihydrate
	Prednisolon
23	Lornoxicam Epirisone	291.5	254.5	2-16µg/ml	Methanol	[24]
		nm	nm
24	Mengiferin BerberinHcl	317nm	257nm	5-30µg/ml	Methanol	[25]
				10-30µg/ml
25	Paracetamol Naproxen	234nm	257nm	2.5-5µg/ml	Methanol	[26]
				1.5-3µg/ml
26	Nimesulide	231nm	244nm	3-15µg/ml	Methanol	[27]
	Chlorzoxazone
27	Domperidone Naproxen	286Nm	270Nm	10-50µg/ml	Methanol	[28]
				5-25µg/ml
	Ciprofloxacin	295nm	279nm	2-10µg/ml	methanol	[29]
28	Metronidazole
29	Teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate	233nm	249nm	6-16µg/ml	Methanol	[30]
	Metformin hydrochloride
30	Dapagliflozin	218nm	224nm	5-25µg/ml	Methanol	[31]
	Saxagliptin
31	Amlodipine besylate	242nm	255nm	5-25µg/ml	Methanol	[32]
	Candesartan cilexetil
32	Cilnidipine	240nm	297nm	4-10µg/ml	Methanol	[33]
	Telmisartan			6-18µg/ml
33	Drotaverin hydrochloride	325nm	352nm	2-60µg/ml	Methanol	[34]
	Ranitidine hydrochloride			2-32µg/ml
34	Esomeprazol	290nm	301nm	1-11µg/ml	Methanol	[35]
	Domperidone
35	Domperidone	287nm	290nm	1-15µg/ml	Methanol	[36]
	Pantoprazole			0-50µg/ml
36	Metoprolol-succinate	275nm	281nm	20-100µg/ml	Methanol	[37]
	chlorthalidone			5-25µg/ml
37	Dapagliflozin	222nm	232nm	2-32µg/ml	Methanol	[38]
	Metormin HCl			2-32µg/ml
38	Trimethoprim and Sulphamethoxazolein	256nm	254nm	2-10µg/ml	Methanol	[39]
39	Ofloxacin	289nm	322.4nm	2-30µg/ml	Methanol	[40]
	Flavoxate HCl			2-75µg/ml
40	Alcaftadine	282nm	296nm	4-14µg/ml	Methanol	[41]
	Ketorolac-Tromethamine
41	Cefpodoxime proxetil,	300nm	273nm	2.5-10.5µg/ml	Methanol	[42]
	Levofloxacin Hemihydrate
42	Clotrimazole	259nm	264nm	6-34µg/ml	Methanol	[43]
	Beclomethasone Dipropionate
43	Omeprazole,	301.2nm	287 nm	2.5-25µg/ml	Methanol	[44]
	Domeperidone			3.5-35µg/ml
44	Thiocolchicoside,	282.60nm	271nm	5-25µg/ml	Methanol	[45]
	Hydrochlorothiazide
45	Amitriptyline HCl	240nm	258nm	2-15µg/ml	Methanol	[46]
	Perphenazine
46	Paracetamol,	264nm	249nm	1-12µg/ml	Methanol	[47]
	Prophhenazone			5-24µg/ml
47	Cefixime,	275nm	295nm	2-14µg/ml	0.1 N HCl	[48]
	Moxifloxacin
48	Atenolol,	286.4nm	276nm	20-100µg/ml	Methanol	[49]
	Ivabradine HCl			2-10µg/ml

 

 

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Received on 24.03.2022       Modified on 04.06.2022

Accepted on 18.08.2022   ©Asian Pharma Press All Right Reserved

Asian J. Pharm. Ana. 2022; 12(4):281-285.